A conversation with my father by grace paley Essay

A conversation with my father by grace paley - Essay Example The entire story is based on the relationship of the two main characters in the story, the writer daughter and her father. The story begins with the father in the center stage and the daughter a mere follower of his directions. As the story progresses, the limelight slowly shifts on to the daughter who creates a story that is impactful and apparently tragic. All through the story, the father and daughter duo share a healthy, communicative, expressive, and genuine relationship as two admirers of life, society, writing, and literature. The father has the air of superiority in his voice since he is considers himself more knowledgeable and a well read fan of literature in Russian and English. This is evident from his tone at: â€Å"With you it’s all a joke,† (Paley, 1994, p.233) The daughter has a more kind and considerate outlook towards the father as her affection towards him forces her to write the same story twice. It is evident from her tone at, â€Å"His heart, that bloody motor, is equally old and will not do certain jobs anymore†¦..†Yes, Why not? That’s possible.† I want to please him.† (Paley, 1994, p.232) She however, dons a corrective role when her father gets cynical about the tragic ending that men and women in society face. She defines her confidence, free-spirited nature and positivity by turning the story into a happy and well meant ending. Overall, it is a good and healthy relationship that the two main protagonists in this story share. To achieve these goals, she has used two stories in between the main story. Her conversation with her father is one story, her simple depiction of a neighbor woman another, and her detailed depiction of the same woman is the third story. While the second and third stories are the same, they are created with an emphasis on writing styles which in the first one was tragic and negative and in the second one was humorous and

Decision of Allowing the Procurement of Used Items Essay Example for Free

Decision of Allowing the Procurement of Used Items Essay Discussing the pros on the decision of allowing the procurement of used items in public sector (PPA 2011): * It is economical; This is because of the liquidity crisis and improvements in product quality control hence some governments are opting for secondhand purchases. The current update in this regard is that, According to BBC News (Feb’2009) the Indonesian military is currently negotiating with the US Army to purchase secondhand F-16 fighter jets in a bid to modernize its air power military capability. Mark you Indonesia is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and one of the dynamic emerging markets in the world. The country is also a member of the elite G-20 major economies. Quality control especially technically aircraft never get old as such because they are meet international standards and principles that govern air transport. * It is affordable to procure at low cost of acquisition, in case of emergencies circumstances to rescue situations especially those of public interest, the * government should allow procurement of used equipment under exceptional circumstances to serve people, that are evaluated on case by case basis procurement in the need The Bank understands that the decision between the outright purchase and lease arrangements depend on the economic loss and benefits, however, given the potential risk associated with used equipment, the government should consider leasing as the preferred alternative only in emergency. * It helps and is the way to go if the government is to fulfill its obligations as far as capital intensive investments are concerned. â€Å"Purchasing secondhand machines suited Tanzania at the moment because many countries were applying the same strategy on costly machines such as planes, train engines and ships. * Equipment may be available immediately, that result to shorten procurement process of acquiring used equipment, compared to the time  required for the acquisition of new equipment because it involves ordering which took sometimes up to delivery period. Discuss the cons on the decision of allowing the procurement of used items in public sector (PPA 2011) * May lead to procure poor quality items that do not meet intended purpose that is performance requirements of the goods, and minimum standards for age, residual economic life, and quality of materials. That might result in massive economic losses this is refer to the economic life cycle of goods procured. Since they will not be expected to originate from Tanzania, it will be difficult to get authenticated record of the time they had been used and condition at the time of sale. * Failure of getting loans from world Bank at deficit circumstances, this is according to World Bank Procurement Manual Draft (2001)- Procurement of brand new Goods policy, which explain that it the Bank’s general Policy is to finance the procurement of new goods only. Borrower’s procurement should be to the new. * Procurement of used goods does not correspond to the principles of value for money, since the experience in the country has shown there were no credible personnel to undertake such kind of purchasing with evidence of quality of such used items together with its residual value, relevant to the cost of purchase/money spend on buying. * Creation of a fertile ground for rampant corruption because the government/institutions functionaries might use this loophole to buy junk equipment through underhand methods thus causes great losses to the taxpayers. * Higher running expenses, It is cost fully in case of running expenses such as maintenance and service for used item than for brand new equipment, when government institutions decides to purchase used items, will result to incur a lot of money spending on frequently buying costly spare parts and  maintenance as a result to high total cost of operation hence less productivity. Summary: The decision of allowing the procurement of used items in public sector have their respective advantages and disadvantages to the national economy and general social welfare issues as follows. The advantages of procurement of used items are; it is economical, It is affordable due to low cost of acquisition, Used equipment may be available immediately, procurement of more items for the same budget, improves transparency and integrity. The disadvantages are Lack of competitive bidding, failure of getting loans from world Bank, May lead to procure poor quality, does not correspond to the principles of value for money, Creation of a fertile ground for rampant corruption, and Higher running expenses.

Elements of Comedy in The Simpsons Essay -- TV Television

Elements of Comedy in The Simpsons The TV show, "The Simpsons" is considered by many to be one of the greatest animated shows ever made. Incredibly popular with people of all ages, creator Matt Groening combined numerous elements of humor to produce a truly original program. His goal is to never repeat the same joke twice. The year 2000 will mark the 10th anniversary of the show (which adds up to a lot of original jokes), and highlights its achievement as primetime TVÕs current longest running series. In addition, "The Simpsons" was selected to be the feature presentation at the Sixth Annual U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado. There, members of the cast will re-enact a previous episode in front of a live audience. "The Simpsons" is watched specifically for its humor. Never before has a TV show combined so many elements of humor together and still contained enough original ideas to run 10 seasons. Although some people do not care for "The Simpsons" humor, the show still has a significant following. One of the reasons "The Simpsons" is so popular is that the show addresses a wide variety of stereotypes through its characters. People can relate to the stereotypes. Many of the characters are recognizable by name from week to week, and those that arenÕt either take the form of a stereotyped profession, or the typical John Q. Public. The result is rather amusing as everyone from the nerdy scientist to the ambulance-chasing lawyer makes appearances. Another reason "The Simpsons" has lasted so long is that much of its comedy comes from takeoffs and parodies of other shows or movies. Most viewers are familiar with a substantial number of old shows or movies, s... ...jokes that never would have existed otherwise: exchanges between characters, comments on society, and various events in the show all take an ironically-humorous twist. This type of humor is a defining characteristic of the show. Combined with the other aspects, "The Simpsons" will truly go down as a classic series of all time. Works Cited Carlisle, Henry C., ed. American Satire in Prose and Verse. New York: Random House, 1962. Feinburg, Leonard. Introduction to Satire. Ames, Iowa: The Iowa State University Press, 1967. Groening, Matt. The Simpsons A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family. Ed. Ray Richmond. New York: HarperPerrenial, 1997. Kim, James, and Cade Whitbourn. The Simpsons. "Matt Groening." 1998. School of Media and Communication. 23 Nov 2002. http://mdcm.artsunsw.edu.au/Students98/WhitbournC/innovate1/creator.html

Haemorrhagic Shock In Trauma Health And Social Care Essay

Fluid resuscitation is a critical constituent in the direction of haemorrhagic daze in injury. Recently, important promotion has been made in our apprehension and attack to this critical therapy. Traditional big volume fluid therapy is being replaced by a more conservative restricted volume attack purporting to better endurance rates in trauma patients showing with hemorrhagic daze. Haemorrhagic daze is one of the prima causes of preventable decease due to traumatic hurt, accounting for between 20 % and 40 % of trauma mortality. As such, betterments in the protocol for unstable resuscitation can hold considerable effects on the results for injury patients. Table 1 high spots some of the chief alterations in resuscitation methods from the last century and the benefits seen in trauma mortality. Table 1: Improvements in Resuscitation and the altering epidemiology of trauma deceases Shock occurs when circulative abnormalcy consequences in unequal tissue perfusion and oxygenation. In the bulk of instances this is as a consequence of bleeding. The purpose of intervention is to keep blood force per unit area and tissue perfusion until the bleeding can be brought under control. The focal point of unstable resuscitation developments has centred around three of import inquiries, when to give, how much and what sort of fluid. Since the mid 1960 ‘s, based on the plants of Shires and Wiggers, big volume crystalloid resuscitation has been favoured. The end of intervention has been to return blood force per unit area to normal values or even above normal. In the last few decennaries this attack has come under increasing examination, research has shown aggressive early fluid resuscitation to increase bleeding and mortality due to break of coagulums and dilutional coagulopathy. This has led to the debut of ‘permissive hypotension ‘ as portion of harm control resuscitation intervention to antagonize these issues.Advanced Trauma Life Support ( ATLS ) GuidelinesThe ATLS programme was developed by the American College of Surgeons. Its purpose is to supply consistent, standardised and effectual protocol for the direction of traumatic hurt. Their guidelines have become internationally recognized and adopted by many states. Between the 2004 and 2008 published guidelines a cardinal alteration was made to the protocol sing unstable resuscitation. Whilst the 2004 version advocators aggressive early fluid resuscitation to return blood force per unit area to normal values, urging extract of 2 liters of Ringers lactate in response to marks of acute blood loss, the 2008 guidelines suggest restricted usage of colloids and detaining unstable resuscitation to keep a lower blood force per unit area in the patient. This is known as ‘permissive high blood pressure ‘ and purposes to diminish the hazard of hemorrhage and dilution coagulopathy associated with aggressive fluid resuscitation. It should be noted nevertheless that permissive hypotension is perfectly contraindicated where traumatic encephalon hurt is suspected as care of intellectual perfusion is critical in this scene. Which is the best attack nevertheless is still a point of contention. A recent Cochrane reappraisal found that there was uncertainness as to the optimal volume and timing of unstable resuscitation and a deficiency of grounds for or against the different schemes.Traditional Fluid Resuscitation and the Evidence for ChangeTraditional fluid resuscitation has centred on the 3 to 1 regulation whereby the volume of unstable replacing is equal to three times the blood loss. This stemmed from by several surveies that determined there was a survival advantage obtained by utilizing big volume crystalloid extract to replace both the intravascular and interstitial fluid lost during bleeding. Concerns sing the possible harmful effects of aggressive fluid resuscitation began to emerge in the 1980 ‘s. A reappraisal by Cotton et al high spots increased happening of acute respiratory hurt syndrome ( ARDS ) , cardiac disfunction, increased bleeding and a possible hazard factor for developing abdominal compartment syndrome. Overall this method was seen to increase mortality. At this clip military research involvement tried to place the ideal resuscitation scheme. A 1999 study highlighted the insufficiency of the current resuscitation schemes and potentially harmful effects of current protocol. A follow up study in 2001 determined clinical triggers for when to implement resuscitation every bit good as ends for therapy. The trigger points were systolic blood force per unit area less so 80mmHg, diminishing blood force per unit area or altered consciousness in the absence of head hurt. The mark of therapy was to keep a tangible radial pulsation. These studies highlighted that aggressive fluid should be avoided due to the negative effects and that hypotension in the patient was allowed provided a radial pulsation was tangible. This led on to the permissive hypotension scheme advocated by the ATLS guidelines which forms portion of the harm control resuscitation attack to traumatic hurt.Damage Control Resuscitation ( DCR )DCR is a modern attack to the direction of traumatic hurts. DCR began life in the armed forces and has expanded to be a cardinal constituent of civilian injury direction. Its purposes are to battle the physiological upsets associated with bleeding, specifically the combination of acute coagulopathy, hypothermia and acidosis known as the ‘lethal three ‘ . This deadly three is initiated by decreased tissue oxygenation as a effect of daze, this leads to anaerobic metamorphosis which increases lactate production doing metabolic acidosis. Anaerobic metamorphosis besides reduces endogenous heat production declining hypothermia. This ‘lethal three ‘ has been shown to worsen bleeding and increase mortality. Permissive hypotension is a major constituent of DCR to pull off the deadly three.Permissive HypotensionPermissive hypotension is a scheme to aim hemorrhagic daze through limited fluid therapy. This is achieved by either cut downing the volume of infused fluids or detaining disposal. This method allows for a limited period of decreased terminal organ perfusion until equal control of the bleeding has been achieved. This scheme has developed in response to increased apprehension of the harmful effects of big volume crystalloid resuscitation. The 3:1 method of unstable resuscitation was developed from the survey of controlled bleeding in animate beings whereby a fixed volume of blood was removed before bleeding was stopped and the animate being resuscitated. It became clear that this did non accurately represent existent life injury hurt where hemorrhage may be ongoing or re-start if blood force per unit area is raised or coagulopathy worsens. The thought of permissive hypotension began with Cannon et Al in 1918. This survey noted the increased hazard of bleeding if blood force per unit area was returned to normal anterior to adequate bleeding control. This is believed to be due to break of the organic structure ‘s natural defense mechanisms to blood loss, in peculiar the formation of coagulums and vasoconstriction. A 1994 survey by Bickell et Al was a cardinal minute in the development of permissive hypotension. They found that by detaining resuscitation in patients showing with perforating injury increased endurance to 72 % from 62 % in patients treated with traditional aggressive fluid therapy. Similar consequences have been found when volume of fluid has been surveies. Tisherman compared the survival rates of patients having 2.5L of fluid to patients who received less than 0.5L. The consequence showed a survival rate of 70 % for the lower volumes versus 62 % for the higher volumes.DiscussionThe updated ATLS guidelines mark an of import promotion in the direction of haemorrhagic daze and the development of unstable resuscitation. This represents an increasing organic structure of grounds foregrounding the negative effects of high volume fluid resuscitation every bit good as improved endurance rates in instances where fluid volume has been restricted. However, as highlighted by the Cochrane reappraisal there is still limited grounds as to which unstable resuscitation scheme is best in the hemorrhage trauma patient.

God’s Foreknowledge and the Problem of Evil Essay

In his essay[1] on the possibility of God’s having middle knowledge of the actions of free agents and the relationship of that knowledge, if it exists, to the problem of evil,[2] RM Adams discusses two questions: firstly, whether middle knowledge is possible, even for God, and secondly, whether God could have made free creatures who would always freely do right. These questions highlight the importance of trying to understand how much God knows about the future and the relationship of the answer to that question with the problem of evil. In the present essay I review four major possible views of God’s foreknowledge and highlight their strengths and weaknesses, paying particular attention to Adams’ arguments on Middle Knowledge which lead to his conclusion that there is reason to doubt its possibility. I then review Adams’ arguments about its impact on the problem of evil and, having concluded, as he does, that, middle knowledge being available or not, permitting some evil in order to allow creatures to have free will may contribute to a theodicy but not complete it, I consider how this situation might be improved by accepting that the future is at least partly open. The problem The problem of evil has been the subject of theological dispute for centuries. If God is, as the traditional Christian view would have it, omniscient, omnipotent and perfectly good, how come there is evil in the world? Such a God, the argument goes, would not only wish to dispel evil from the world, but, since he can do anything, he would have done so. Since he clearly has not, either he is not able to do so or he does not care, or perhaps he doesn’t exist. While arguments such as the above call into doubt the possibility of God’s being at once omnipotent and perfectly good, the problem of evil is also closely related to the issue of his omniscience, in particular to his foreknowledge. If God knows everything about the future, including what choices between good and evil I will make, am I really free to make those choices? But does God actually know everything, particularly about contingent future events? There are many views of the God’s foreknowledge; I will consider four principal ones. The Simple Foreknowledge View. This view holds that God knows all truths and believes no falsehoods, or as Hunt puts it ‘God has complete and infallible knowledge of the future’[3], a simple statement and one which is subject to some serious objections. In the context of this essay the most important objection is that it would appear to negate the possibility of human freedom. As Augustine’s interlocutor, Evodius, says, ‘since God foreknew that he [Adam] was going to sin, his sin necessarily had to happen. How then is the will free when such inescapable necessity is found in it? ’[4] Augustine then argues that ‘God’s foreknowledge does not force the future to happen†¦. God foreknows everything that he causes but does not cause everything that he foreknows†¦ sin is committed by the will not coerced by God’s foreknowledge. ’[5] If God did cause or coerce Adam to sin he would be exempt from blame but, Hunt maintains, following Augustine, the simple fact of God’s knowing in advance what Adam (and more generally, we) will do does not constitute coercion. It is true that God’s foreknowing†¦ leaves Adam with no alternatives†¦ But the mere absence of alternatives is irrelevant†¦ simply knowing what the person will do is not an interference of any sort, and its implications for free agency are benign. ’[6] Hunt’s view is that we should ‘trust our intuition’ that Adam is deprived of alternatives but not free will. For me however, this is not my intuition. This and similar arguments elsewhere appear to be doing little more than restating the problem, and do not provide a satisfactory escape route. The problem is one of logic not theology. If it is inevitable, foreknown infallibly, that I will do A then it is not in reality an option for me not to do A. I might think that I am choosing between A and not-A, but if God knows which I will choose then in reality I am deluded: there is no possibility of my choosing not-A and if I don’t have any choice this also seems to remove any possibility of blame or responsibility for my actions. How can I be held responsible for an action which I could not avoid doing? Worse, since I do things which patently are evil and could have been avoided if I really had free will, it is arguable that God himself is responsible for, or at least knows in advance and allows to happen, the evil that I do. In addition to the free-will problem, proponents of the simple foreknowledge view have to explain what we are doing when we pray. Are we asking God to change the future? And if he does graciously agree to change it, would that not mean that he was wrong when he earlier knew, supposedly infallibly, what the future was to include before he changed it? It is an important part of this view of God that he believes no falsehoods, but if our prayers have any effect, that would seem to entail the falsehood of God’s earlier beliefs about that particular aspect of the future. It should be noted at this point that the simple foreknowledge view is fully compatible with the Christian understanding of God’s being outside time. I will return to this later, but sacrificing or compromising this understanding would be a heavy price to pay for many Christian theologians. These objections taken together seem to me to make simple foreknowledge, without some considerable modification, incompatible with an understanding of humans as responsible agents. The other views I discuss below attempt in different ways to make sufficient modifications to deal with this problem while remaining true to scripture. I should of course consider the possibility that, in coming to this conclusion about the difficulties of the simple foreknowledge view, I have not understood the question. Could it be that what I mean by either ‘free ill’ or ‘knowledge’ is somehow different to what generations of theologians have meant? For myself, I maintain that my action is free if I could do otherwise than what I actually decide to do and, crucially, no-one else knows in advance what I will decide to do, not even God. And knowledge in this context can be taken as ‘justified true belief’ which is just the sort of knowledge that God is supposed to have infallibly. It seems that simple foreknowledge is not to be rescued by recourse to a dictionary. The Augustinian-Calvinist View This view, as expounded by Helm,[7] does indeed depend on a careful compatibilist definition of ‘free will’ which enables him to argue that it is not necessary to accept either a modified, reduced account of omniscience, or that human agents are not responsible for their actions. Here ‘compatibilism’ is the view that free will is compatible with causal determinism, a view that Helm maintains was explicitly held by the later Augustine (probably as a result of further thought compared with his earlier writings) and implicitly by Calvin. The latter is evidenced firstly by the distinction he drew between necessity and compulsion, and secondly by his successors’ taking a similar view of free will, calling it the liberty of rational spontaneity while denying the liberty of indifference. [8] Helm distinguishes three concepts of God’s foreknowledge. One is causal in the sense used by Aquinas: God’s knowledge is the cause of things and on this view there is no distinction between what God causes and permits since God foreknows all events and therefore must cause them all. There is an inference from this that God causes future evil but Aquinas is said to have allowed the concept of divine permission whereby God is said to know of it but not cause it. More on that later. The second sense has God’s foreknowledge logically subsequent to his decree and is simply the knowledge of that decree before it takes effect in time, and the third is the reverse of this, with the foreknowledge logically prior to his decree. His arguments entail one or other of the first two senses, but not the third. Based on these starting points Helm raises three arguments in support of the Augustinian position. First there is the role of God’s grace. The argument between those who believe and those who do not believe that God’s foreknowledge is compatible with human incompatibilism, Helm says, is not about the nature of God or of human freedom but about the relationship between God and humankind. Divine grace and free, incompatibilist choice can only be causally necessary for a person’s coming to faith, but not causally sufficient since, given our libertarian will, we could resist such grace and it would not therefore ensure its intended effect. However, scripture tells us that saving grace is irresistible and, when received, liberating: it alone, according to Augustine, ensures true human freedom,[9] and the inference is that such grace is therefore sufficient. The obvious objection here is that some people clearly do resist God’s saving grace, an objection that Helm does not deal with effectively. Secondly there is an argument based on divine perfection as reflected in his omnipotence and omniscience. Helm asks rhetorically how God knows of the causes of evil actions if he is not the cause of them, and quotes Augustine’s answer that God, for the highest reasons (which are at present unknown to us) knowingly permits particular evil actions. 10] In a rather obscure passage, Helm appears to argue as follows: (1) it is theologically desirable that God’s foreknowledge should be as complete as may reasonably be assumed and we should therefore assume that he does foreknow his free creatures freely willed actions; (2) If compatibilism is true then God can foreknow these actions and therefore (3) compatibilism is true. [11] However, as Hunt points out, this is fallacious and Helm should have argued for (2’) If compatibil ism is not true then God cannot foreknow†¦ but he has not done so. Finally Helm argues that God’s omniscience is logically inconsistent with human incompatibilist freedom. He supposes as an example that God foreknew yesterday the truth of the proposition ‘Jones will freely eat a tuna sandwich tomorrow. ’ That foreknowledge is now in the past and is therefore necessary, not logically but accidentally or historically, and therefore it entails the necessity that Jones will eat the tuna sandwich; that putatively free act cannot therefore be free. In that case divine omniscience is inconsistent with incompatibilist freedom. 12] Helm admits that this argument really only works with the assumption that God is in some fashion inside time for ‘yesterday’ and ‘tomorrow’ to have any force. [13] In summary, Helm believes his arguments have made the broadly Augustinian case that divine foreknowledge and human freedom are consistent, but I am hard-pressed to see that any of my objections to the simple foreknowledge argument are any less forceful in response to Helm. My logical worry and the problem of prayer remain, but these are supplemented by the acknowledged need for God to be temporal, at least for part of the argument to be successful. The Middle-Knowledge View This view is that espoused by Luis de Molina, a 16th century Spanish Jesuit theologian, who drew a distinction between three kinds of knowledge that, in his view, God possesses[14]. Firstly, Molina said, God possesses ‘natural knowledge’, that is a knowledge of all necessarily true propositions, such as ‘two plus two equals four’. Since such truths are necessary, nobody, not even God, can make them false. Secondly, God possesses ‘free knowledge’, that is knowledge of all contingent truths that are within his control, but which could have been false under different conditions,. For example ‘I am interested in philosophy’ is a contingently true proposition but God could have brought it about that it was false. Finally, Molina proposes that God possesses ‘middle knowledge’ (so called because it is in-between God’s natural and free knowledge), that is, knowledge of contingent propositions which are true but beyond his control. The most important items of middle knowledge for the purpose of this discussion are the ‘counterfactuals of freedom’ which describe what people would freely do if placed in various possible situations. This is relevant to the problem of evil because ‘it might seem that if God has middle knowledge, He could have secured creatures sinless but free by just creating those that he knew would not sin if allowed to act freely. ’[15] In his discussion of middle knowledge[16] Craig indicates its power and why it is so attractive in the discussion of free will and the problem of evil. If it is true that God has middle knowledge as described above, this not only makes room for human freedom but it gives God scope to choose which free creatures to create and bring about his ultimate purposes through free creaturely decisions. He adduces three lines of argument in support of it – biblical, theological and philosophical. [17] Biblical arguments: Craig uses the example of David and Saul: [18] David is in the Jewish city of Keilah and asks God through an ephod[19] if Saul will attack him there and whether the men of Keilah would give him up to Saul to save their lives. God answers affirmatively to both questions, whereupon Saul heads for the hills, with the result that Saul does not need to besiege the city and the men of Keilah do not need to betray him to Saul. It is clear, says Craig, that the bible passage shows that God has counterfactual knowledge, although he admits that this does not show conclusively that he has middle knowledge. He goes on to accept that biblical exegesis is not enough to settle the matter. [20] Theological arguments: Craig says that ‘the strongest arguments in support of the Molinist perspective are theological’[21] but gives no direct support for this other than to wax lyrical on the power of middle knowledge in theological argument on a range of issues. This may be correct, given the existence of middle knowledge, but that is what we wish to test. Philosophical arguments: Craig asserts that divine foreknowledge and future contingents are compatible ‘for the simple reason that Scripture teaches both’[23] (a theological rather than philosophical statement of course) and goes on to discuss the basis of such foreknowledge. He builds an argument about freedom of action, concluding that ‘from God’s knowledge that I shall do x, it does not follow that I must do x, only that I shall do x. That is in no way incompatible with my doing x freely. ’[24] This is really just a restatement of the problem of free will and Craig does little more here than reassert its truth. Craig’s final conclusion is that ‘philosophically, omniscience†¦ entails knowledge of all truth and, since counterfactuals of creaturely freedom are true logically prior to god’s creative decree, they must therefore be known by God at that logical moment. Therefore we should affirm that God has middle knowledge. ’

Free Essays on Psychology

there is a gender difference. Some of these findings will also be adressed. The average time required for an adult to mentally rotate an image in their head is roughly one second to every 50 degrees of rotation when it is a mirrored image. Pedro Longoria 3 Mental Rotation of Images Research conducted by Voyer, Rodgers and McCormick (2004) suggest that gender plays an important role in predicting how fast an individual will react when presented an image to rotate, or simply having the participant close his eyes and walk in order to lose his/her self awareness of space, location and direction. They found that males take less into consideration timing conditions, and are more relaxed and feel less pressured to respond. These experimenters conducted their study using the 3-D MRT developed by Vandenberg and Kuse (1978) which is used across most mental rotation studies. Males show advantage across all menta... Free Essays on Psychology Free Essays on Psychology Psychology is the very important perspective for human nature. It is very much important for the individual environment. â€Å"Psychology is very much a product of the Western tradition. Whereas a new psychology of the year 2000 contains both the eastern as well as the Western tradition†(Frey,04/06). Psychologists call a person’s self concepts it includes what a person perceives from the person’s self-concept attitudes. It’s related to Psyche means the integrate part of human mind motion connected to those with bodily concepts. â€Å"It however reflects true relationship with the mind-body concept. ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION addresses those domains of social behavior in which cognition plays a major role, including the interface of cognition with overt behavior, affect, and motivation.†(Primis,119). Major perspectives in psychology at this point includes psychoanalysis, humanism and sociobiology. Now, what’s the concept of psychoanalysis is also a very important perspective. â€Å"As a therapy, psychoanalysis is based on observation that individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that determine their emotions and behavior.†(Frey,04/06). â€Å"It is, in addition, a method for learning about the mind, and also a theory, a way of understanding the processes of normal everyday mental functioning and the stages of normal development from infancy to old age.†(psychology.com). â€Å"Furthermore, since psychoanalysis seeks to explain how the human mind works, it contributes insight into whatever the human mind produces.†(apa.org) Sigmund Freud was the first psychoanalyst.†Many of his insights into the human mind, which seemed so revolutionary at the turn of the century, are now widely accepted by most schools of psychological thought. Although others before and during his time had begun to recognize the role of unconscious mental activity, †Freud was the preeminent pioneer in understanding its importance. Although his i... Free Essays on Psychology An oppressive system can work in different ways to achieve the same outcome, create inequalities of power. At the micro level, the media can play a huge role in how minorities are viewed. For example, for years the media influenced how people viewed slavery. While the abolitionists fought to destroy slavery, those for it used the media to promote slavery as a good thing. The Jim Crow persona depicted black males as drunken, happy buffoons that had no real purpose. Although it started as a stage comedy act, it quickly spread nation-wide and became a character in shows and movies that white people came to assume of black African Americans. The media can provide misleading images of minorities. For example, sixty percent of photographs and video footage covering poverty depict African Americans although only 29% of the African American population are poor. Due to these misrepresentations, citizens usually overestimate the proportion of poor African Americans. Also, Latinos are usually portrayed as criminals. At a locality level, the neighborhood or community can display system of oppression. Surveys display that African Americans prefer to live in racially integrated neighborhoods more than Whites do. In fact, some studies display that most White residents have a comfort level with racial integration where the minorities cannot portray more than 8% of the community. After that proportion exceeds it is likely they will move and the neighborhood will become mostly minority. In the article it states that predominantly low-income African American communities have a big share of liquor stores indicating that its residents are at an increased risk of alcohol consumption and alcohol related health problems. Drug related homocide is the number one cause of death among African Americans between 15-24 years of age (Haynes et al.,p. 145). According to the article, increased availability of crack cocaine, drug dealing and increased a... Free Essays on Psychology Abstract Previous research on the mental rotation has shown that it requires cognitive resources to mentally rotate images, words and symbols to name a few. This Mental Rotation test basically can measure how fast and accurate a person can react when presented an image that is either mirrored or not, these two conditions of the independent variable and its angle of rotation determine the accuracy and brief time response. The supported hypothesis states that if an individual is given an image to rotate mentally (imaginal) it will take longer to respond if that image is not mirrored, a mean average of 2.840 milliseconds with its rotation angle varied compared to the non mirrored condition with 3.220 milliseconds. The results found during this experiment were consistent with the previously stated hypothesis. Other findigs suggest that males have an advantage over females with mental rotation tests, in other words there is a gender difference. Some of these findings will also be adressed. The average time required for an adult to mentally rotate an image in their head is roughly one second to every 50 degrees of rotation when it is a mirrored image. Pedro Longoria 3 Mental Rotation of Images Research conducted by Voyer, Rodgers and McCormick (2004) suggest that gender plays an important role in predicting how fast an individual will react when presented an image to rotate, or simply having the participant close his eyes and walk in order to lose his/her self awareness of space, location and direction. They found that males take less into consideration timing conditions, and are more relaxed and feel less pressured to respond. These experimenters conducted their study using the 3-D MRT developed by Vandenberg and Kuse (1978) which is used across most mental rotation studies. Males show advantage across all menta... Free Essays on Psychology In section IV of Penà ©es by Blaise Pascal. The belief of God is discussed. One usually tries to use acts of nature as a proof of the existence of God, whether or not these acts can be explained from a scientifically expressed definition. Pascal finds this somewhat amusing but not surprising. He goes on to say that if these arguments were explained to the faithful or even ones who are looking for proof they will of course accept these arguments as valid proof. On the other had one who does not have faith or is losing faith will not be so easy to convince. Giving these people who have lost faith an argument which is suppose to prove God exists, which only focuses on the works of nature would not be concrete evidence that there is a God. It is when scriptures are brought into play that one can give a better understanding and argument to what is of the nature of God. This being because scripture has a better knowledge to what things are of God and how to find God. For scriptures say those who seek God find Him. Pascal says there are three sources of belief: reason, custom and inspiration. If you look at the Christian religion as said by Pascal, â€Å"†¦ Which alone has reason, does not acknowledge as her true children those who believe without inspiration.† He goes on further by saying, â€Å"†¦ the mind must be opened to proofs, and must be confirmed by custom and offer itself in humbleness to inspiration, which alone can produce a true saving effect.† Something that has come to my realization through this reading is that with certain religions including Christianity is that it involves a lot of formalities. It is said that it is superstition to put one’s home in formalities and pride to not submit to them. With this being true then one can only expect something from God if they bring the two together. How can one expect anything from god if they have too much pride to conform to a formality like kneeling down, bowing your... Free Essays on Psychology Psychology Psychology plays a major role in almost everything we do. From what we think, to how we see or hear even to how we act there is an explanation for in psychology. There are concepts from psychology that play a role in all our jobs. Although, it is apparent in some jobs more than others. Civil Engineering is one job that isn’t really thought of having a lot to do with psychology, surprisingly it has a lot to do with how the engineers think and how the can perceive objects differently than others. Civil Engineers are able to estimate length more accurately than most people are and they can perceive their designs in their head before even seeing a picture of it. Their ability to look at things and know their lengths and picture in their heads a way to build a bridge is largely related to psychology. Monocular depth cues give the engineers the ability to see three-dimensional. They also are able problem solve better than most people, they use in psychology what they call: working backwards and hierarchical organization. When we try solving problems there is a long process we go through to get to the best solution. You first have to organize the information before doing anything. Whether you realize it or not when you try to solve a problem you look at all logical ways of trying reaching your goal. Some researchers argue that a crucial strategy for solving a problem is a means-end analysis in which you ask yourself over and over as the problem goes on† How can I use the means now available to me to get closer to my goal.† The way that you organize your problem is with subproblems. Subproblems are the secondary problems that arise when you break your problem down. With the subproblems you can come across even more ways to obtain your goal. This way of making secondary problems is called hierarchical organization. Then there are the times that you just can’t seem to find a solutio...

GrinderPump essays

GrinderPump essays Hello my name is Greg Stewart, and I have been attending Bucks County Technical High School for three years now. I am currently 17 years old and in the junior class. Also I'm in Civil Engineering Technology with Mr. Hale. I came to Bucks County Technical High School for many of reasons. The most important reason was because I wanted to learn a career and yet still get a normal education and still be in high school. Also I came here to get out of going to Neshaminy High School because I didn't really favor what they had as academic major choices. During the exploratory program in ninth grade, I went through at the time 26 technical programs. After like the first couple of shops, I really enjoyed welding and baking. But when it was time to choose my shop towards the end of the exploratory program I had Civil Engineering as my first choice, Collision Repair as my second and Computer Information as my final choice. The reason I chose Civil was because I am very good at math sk ills and I am somewhat creative in designing things. Also I liked the idea of how much money I can earn in the engineering profession. So far for my high school career, I have learned a lot of information from Mr. Hale and from what is around in the civil engineering shop. I have learned what goes into owning real estate and what problems might occur with zoning restrictions which are set up by the township so that houses are not too big or small and that houses are not located in the midst of industrial or commercial areas. I have learned about soil logs and different types of soil. I have also learned to use some of the equipment that we use in our shop, like the Pentax Transit, Level Instrument, prism poles, and the HP 48 computer calculator and data collection process. In the classroom I learned to use our software such as AutoCAD, the Hp 750 plotter and the Xerox industrial copier. The reason I'm choosing to do this project is because I ...

The Characteristics of Diptera

The Characteristics of Diptera Insects of the order Diptera, the true flies, are a large and diverse group that includes midges, no-see-ums, gnats, mosquitoes, and all manner of flies. Diptera literally means two wings, the unifying characteristic of this group. Description As the name, Diptera indicates, most true flies have just one pair of functional wings. A pair of modified wings called halteres replace the hindwings. The halteres connect to a nerve-filled socket and work much like a gyroscope to keep the fly on the course and stabilize its flight. Most Dipterans use sponging mouthparts to lap juices from fruits, nectar, or fluids exuded from animals. If youve ever encountered a horse or deer fly, you probably know that other flies have piercing, biting mouthparts to feed on the blood of vertebrate hosts. Flies have large compound eyes. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis. The larvae lack legs and look like small grubs. Fly larvae are called maggots. Most insect taxonomists divide the order Diptera into two suborders: Nematocera, flies with long antennae like mosquitoes, and Brachycera, flies with short antennae like house flies. Habitat and Distribution True flies live in abundance worldwide, though their larvae generally require a moist environment of some kind. Scientists describe over 120,000 species in this order. Major Families in the Order Culicidae - mosquitoesTipulidae – crane fliesSimulidae – black fliesMuscidae – house fliesCecidomyiidae – gall midgesCalliphoridae – blow fliesDrosophilidae – pomace flies Dipterans of Interest Mormotomyia hirsute is only known to live in a large crack at the top of Kenyas Ukazzi Hill. Its larvae feed on bat dung.Humans share over 20 percent of our DNA with Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly commonly used to teach genetics in high school science labs.Flower flies in the family Syrphidae mimic ants, bees, and wasps; despite their convincing costumes, flies cannot sting.Blowfly larvae feeding on dead bodies can help forensic scientists determine the time of the death of the victim. Sources Diptera, Dr. Jon Meyer, North Carolina State University Department of Entomology.  Accessed online May 6, 2008.Gordons Fly Page (Diptera).  Accessed online May 6, 2008.Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallKaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton and Kenn Kaufman

Research project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project - Research Paper Example Do appropriate candidature policies determine the votes a candidate gets? The response to this quiz is necessary for system modelling for a national election candidate’s success in the United Kingdom. If the political candidate’s policies primarily affects the manner in which voters will vote, other political forces such as party euphoria and candidate’s charisma would be irrelevant. It would then be imperative to understand how a nominee’s policies will affect the national legal, political structure in all aspects. On the other hand if policies don’t change the voting patterns, political candidates tend to focus on other significant elements. For instance, political candidate’s previous history and leadership qualities among others. Previous studies indicate that candidates with good policies command higher votes as compared to others. The clearest way of deciding if voting patterns are affected or prefer policy choices is by comparing voter s’ preferred policies and others (Kellstedt and Whitten, 2013). My research question will be: Does appropriate Party policies determine the number of votes a candidate is most likely to get? The research question tries to establish a link between setting down party policies with reference to voter turnout and how this shapes up. In this study, we identify the significance of party systems and its relationship to the number of votes a party’s nominee gets. Political party nominee’s get more votes as a result of appropriate party policies. In this case, the dependent variable is proposed, and the independent variable is party politics. As a result of proper party politics that citizens find appealing tends to attract more votes towards a party for its candidate while non-appealing policies tend to push away votes for a party’s nominee. In the hypothesis framework showing the

What Competitive Strategy Coca Cola Should Adopt to Develop Business Dissertation - 1

What Competitive Strategy Coca Cola Should Adopt to Develop Business Expansions in China - Dissertation Example has released new bottling operations in China with plans of expanding its business. The company has commitments towards the country for investing in further growth in â€Å"one of the world’s largest and fastest growing beverage markets† (Guinness, 2011, p.166). The beverage market in China is known to be one of the most vibrant markets in the country. Monnikhof and Kranenberg (2000) had presented facts that around 48 percent of the populations are regular consumers of beverages in China (Alon, 2003, p.151). However, the country has other popular beverage companies as well like the Wahaha Future Cola or Wahaha Extreme Cola that pose competition for the Coca-Cola Company (Zhang & Alon, 2011, p.287). Globalization and the increasing competition in the current business world reflect the growth and development of different businesses and their expansion across different countries. The beverage industry is one of the largest industries in the world. The Coca-Cola Company being one of the leading companies in the world’s beverage industry, a research on their business strategies would help in an understanding of how leading companies create and maintain their position in their own countries as well as in other countries through expansions. China’s beverage industry reflects a huge market, particularly for large companies like the Coca-Cola Company. ... e business strategy for the company that may help the company in developing its business expansion in China and maintain its position above and over its competitors 2. Rationale of the Study: Globalization and the increasing competition in the current business world reflect the growth and development of different businesses and their expansion across different countries. The beverage industry is one of the largest industries in the world. The Coca-Cola Company being one of the leading companies in the world’s beverage industry, a research on their business strategies would help in an understanding of how leading companies create and maintain their position in their own countries as well as in other countries through expansions. China’s beverage industry reflects a huge market, particularly for large companies like the Coca-Cola Company. The company has its operations in China but the growing competitions and other internal and external factors may affect the successful expansion plans of the company. The rationale of the study is in the learning and understanding of the competitive business strategies of a leading beverage company that may benefit the expansion of the company in the China market. In the modern world of increased globalization, there is a need to learn the theories and concepts followed by large companies to have a view on the strategies necessary to keep up a position of a company in the industry among its competitor companies. This study would be focused on the Coca-Cola Company that already has its operations in the China market and would look for further expansions to which the company has the requirement of innovative and competitive strategies that would keep its position above its competitors. Hence, this study is rational in the context that

Operation management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Operation management - Case Study Example The input transformation output model reflects the transformational process where the inputs gained are transformed or converted into saleable outputs. The model reflects the feeding of inputs to a transformational box for being converted into outputs. An ideal Input-Output Transformational Model can be divided into different subparts such that each of the different subparts reflects on the different types of sub-operations that are being carried out to produce the final output (Mahadevan, 2009). Inputs generated are subjected to conversions such that they are transformed into effective outputs which are then marketed at a given rate. The input-output transformational model can be essentially reflected as under. The above model reflects on the different type of inputs that are fed into the transformational block to be converted into meaningful outputs. Each of the different grids reflect the different types of operational processes that are being carried out relating to the corresponding inputs to produce the desired output (Gupta & Starr, 2014). The application of the input-output transformational process related to the case study reflects that different inputs related to the raw materials pertaining to harvesting of lettuce in the fields of Lincolnshire and also the manpower involved in the harvesting, reaping, packing and sorting process. The operational activities relating to harvesting of lettuce is carried out in the fields such that the same is linked to a factory outlet where the employees operate to dress the raw materials and in making them ready to be packed and sold in the market. The transformational stage relating to the harvesting Lettuce in the fields of Lincolnshire operations pertain to the dressing of the lettuces and putting them into packets. A fraction of the manpower is involved relating to the creation of boxes or creates in which the harvested

Analysis of Georgia O'Keeffe's Abstraction Blue Essay

Analysis of Georgia O'Keeffe's Abstraction Blue - Essay Example ury and made her presence felt in the artistic world through the magic blend of colors which made her works live across ages.(Decker Judy, 2004) The ‘Abstraction Blue’ was painted in 1927 and proved true to the lucidity and purity her pictures had in general. She grew up in Virginia and had her primary painting education from Chicago. (AHA, 2007).Though she was initially a follower of the abstracted, urban style of art, later her works critically followed the abstract expressionist movement. (AHA, 2007).The ‘Abstraction Blue’ also belonged to the abstract expressionist movement of art and has served as an ideal example of the style. Well belonging to the characteristics of the art movement, this work tried to explore the newer concepts and techniques in oil painting (Moffat Charles, 2008) The variation of darkness in the background proved to be a factor differentiating it with other works with similar themes. The background when blended with the strangeness of the outlook provided uniqueness and newness in the depiction which is a differential factor of the abstract expressionist movement .This made sure that it won’t miss the attention of the viewer. In totality the painting appeared to me as a pretty one paying justice to the artistic value and serving the viewer’s expectation at the fullest. The title of the work ‘Abstraction Blue’ well goes with the concept that the picture depicts. First of all it very well matches with the artistic movement it represents. Considering the role of blueness in the painting, no alternates may fit into the aptness of the current title. The effort of the artist to convey the focused subject and the depth of the elements in the subject are effectively extended to the viewer. The feeling carried by the viewer from the title well matches with what the picture tries to say. The painting represents a very close depictive view of a flower. It represents a zoomed out of focus view of the cross section of a flower. The

Cases in the american constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cases in the american constitution - Essay Example Being unable to assume the appointed offices without the commission documents, Marbury and three others petitioned the Court to force Madison to deliver the commission to Marbury. The Supreme Court denied Marburys petition, holding that the statute upon which he based his claim was unconstitutional. Irons (1999) wrote, in a style suitable for non-lawyers, of special interest to social activists and and critical race theory, as well as how issues of race have been shaped by, and in turn shaped, major decisions of the Supreme Court.1 Irons provided the case by adding to the "human interest" factor making it entertaining (and sometimes emotionally wrenching) and educational. In his first section "To Establish a More Perfect Union," he wrote about the background in the framing of the constitution and the origins of the Supreme Court while in the next section, "It Is a Constitution We Are Expounding," Irons wrote about the separation of powers and the Supreme Courts jurisdiction evolved discussing Marbury vs. Madison. Irons (1999) narrated how the Court rendered a unanimous (4-0) decision stating that Marbury had the right to his commission but the court did not have the power to force Madison to deliver the commission, on February 24, 1803. Chief Justice Marshall wrote the opinion of the court. Marshall presented the case as raising three distinct questions: (1) Did Marbury have a right to the commission? (2) Do the laws of the country give Marbury a legal remedy? (3) Is asking the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus the correct legal remedy? Marshall quickly answered the first two questions affirmatively. He found that the failure to deliver the commission was "violative of a vested legal right." In deciding whether Marbury had a remedy, Marshall stated: "The government of the United States has been emphatically termed a government of laws and not of men. It will certainly cease to deserve this high

Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Development - Essay Example In 2002, the World Health Organization encouraged the international communities to conduct studies on disasters and their impact on the genders, male and female. A pattern about the vulnerability was observed but needed evidence, further studies, and analysis in terms of â€Å"exposure to risk, risk perception, preparedness, response, physical impact, psychological impact, recovery and reconstruction†(WHO [a] 2002, p.1). As early as that time, WHO had reported that 2 billion people had been affected by a combination of natural and man-made calamities from 1990 to 1999,wherein nearly 30% died. And there seemed to be a trend of increasing disasters. . [Source: Zakour, M.J. and Gillespie,D.F. (2013). Community Disaster Vulnerability. p.12 ] II.Random Sample of Disasters Worldwide This research compiled a random set of disasters arranged in chronological order to verify such a report of increasing trend reported by the World Health Organization. ... Catalina Floods & Mudslides 128 1/2/2010 Haiti Earthquate 316,000 died. 2010 Russia Heat Wave 56,000 2010 Japan Heat Wave 1,718 2011 Brazil Rio de Janeiro Floods & Mudslides 1,000 It should be noted that according to the World Health Organization statistics for 2010 (Kaiser, H. 2012, p.1), the vulnerable sector of society affected by malaria epidemic is the pregnant women and children. Of the 216,000,000 cases in 2010 alone, 665,000 died of which most were children. Because the children were attended to by the female gender, they too were very vulnerable to the epidemic. As a result of such findings, one of the policies of WHO effective 2012 is the â€Å"intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy. . .† (WHO [b] 2012, p.2). Hurricanes and storms worldwide also killed thousands from 1990 to 2011. In just this classification of a natural disaster, it can be seen how the female gender would actually be at a disadvantage by virtue of the fact that she is a weaker sex . Their trauma is aggravated by their being emotional to people and things they value and have lost. It would be but natural for women to feel the great damage when their homes are blown away or destroyed by the powerful twisters which could have carried every person who does not hide. Statistics are shown as follows: [Source: Weather Underground Inc. Hurricane Archive. Viewed February 16, 2013 @ http://www.wunderground.com/hurricane/hurrarchive.asp] It was discovered that natural disasters had lowered the life expectancy among women more than it does to men. In terms of total impact on the total population, women are more damaged in terms of living shorter lives compared to men whenever a disaster takes place.

Cases in the american constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cases in the american constitution - Essay Example Being unable to assume the appointed offices without the commission documents, Marbury and three others petitioned the Court to force Madison to deliver the commission to Marbury. The Supreme Court denied Marburys petition, holding that the statute upon which he based his claim was unconstitutional. Irons (1999) wrote, in a style suitable for non-lawyers, of special interest to social activists and and critical race theory, as well as how issues of race have been shaped by, and in turn shaped, major decisions of the Supreme Court.1 Irons provided the case by adding to the "human interest" factor making it entertaining (and sometimes emotionally wrenching) and educational. In his first section "To Establish a More Perfect Union," he wrote about the background in the framing of the constitution and the origins of the Supreme Court while in the next section, "It Is a Constitution We Are Expounding," Irons wrote about the separation of powers and the Supreme Courts jurisdiction evolved discussing Marbury vs. Madison. Irons (1999) narrated how the Court rendered a unanimous (4-0) decision stating that Marbury had the right to his commission but the court did not have the power to force Madison to deliver the commission, on February 24, 1803. Chief Justice Marshall wrote the opinion of the court. Marshall presented the case as raising three distinct questions: (1) Did Marbury have a right to the commission? (2) Do the laws of the country give Marbury a legal remedy? (3) Is asking the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus the correct legal remedy? Marshall quickly answered the first two questions affirmatively. He found that the failure to deliver the commission was "violative of a vested legal right." In deciding whether Marbury had a remedy, Marshall stated: "The government of the United States has been emphatically termed a government of laws and not of men. It will certainly cease to deserve this high

Racial Profiling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Racial Profiling - Research Paper Example It should be noted that there are many organizations which advocate for human rights and all individuals must be respected whether they come from a minority group or a dominant group. The idea that an arrest is made based race or ethnicity is only an indication that those countries or people in that nation still practice racial discrimination which is a bad concept. When the law is being implemented it must be implemented equally on all people in the society and should not be seen to lie on one side. People or different races have rights and when their rights are violated it becomes not only an issue in that country but also raises international concerns. Racial profiling as a problem It has been seen that racial profiling is any action initiated by the law enforcement agencies whether the police or any other group that is mandated with the authority to enforce the law that is based on race or ethnicity or even the nationality of an individual rather than by looking at the behavior o f that individual or any other information that may lead to the suspect who committed a crime or offence. The idea that because a given race is present in a given place means that they are the ones engaged in criminal activity is rather absurd and should not be tolerated (Tomaskovic-devey, 2009). ... George Bush once said in 2001 in his address that racial profiling is a bad idea and America will work to ensure that it is stopped. He noted that though there are many good police officers out there are a few who are still practicing the vice and they will not be tolerated and measures will be put in place to stop these abuses (Ryberg, 2011). Racial profiling is still a huge problem in the United States law enforcement agencies and especially the police. The police have said that racial profiling is a good concept. That it is both effective and necessary. They say that crime is higher in some communities and not in others especially those that have a minority population existing among them. They argue that the minority population is the one that engages in crimes and that to ignore that fact just because of the moral implications behind it is unprofessional and morally wrong. (Glover, 2007) Many other scholars have argued against this saying that the presence of a minority group in the population does not necessarily mean that they are the ones engaged in the criminal activity. The dominant group may also be responsible for the criminal activity and because they know that the minority group will be accused they hide and only perfect their plans making it even harder to recognize them. The causes of racial profiling are very clear. Scholars argue that the prevalence of this issue is based on poor reasoning from the police officer. They argue that because the cock crows every morning and we see the sun rise does not mean that there is a correlation between the two. Thus because there is crime in a given area and there is the presence of a minority group does not

Charleston Dance Essay Example for Free

Charleston Dance Essay The Ibans perform a unique dance called the ngajat. It serves many purposes depending on the occasion. During Gawais, it is used to entertain the people who in the olden days enjoy graceful ngajats as a form of entertainment. The origin of this indigenous dance is not clearly known but it is believed to have been in existence along with the Iban tribe since the 16th Century. The Ngajat dance is believed to have been performed by warriors on their return from battles. . The male dancers wear large feathers as part of their headgear, hold an ornate and long shield in their hand with chains, beads and a loincloth called the ‘cawat’. The female dancers have an elaborate headdress, chains, beads and a ‘dress’ that reaches to below their knees with intricate weaving. Traditionally this dance was only performed by male dancers but not anymore. The dance is arranged straight lines and in a circle and does involve dramatic leaps and jumps performed by the male dancers. If the real tradition, the music if we dance ngajat we use the life music which have someone o group who play the music such as gong, Gongs and other ethnic percussion instruments such as the ‘enkeromong’, ‘bendai’, ‘canang’ and ‘dumbak or ketebong’ provide the music. The musicians may be either male oThe pride in knowing how to perform the ‘ngajat,’ the Iban traditional dance must be kept burning among the Iban youngsters. The young Ibans should look back to the days of their parents or forefathers when there was so much pride in knowing how to perform the ‘ngajat’. Ngajat is a warrior dance of the Iban tribe in Sarawak. It is said that ngajat is performed by the warriors upon their successful return, to celebrate their victory in battle. Today, the dance is performed as part of the Gawai Dayak celebrations. When performing the dance, the male dancers wear a headgear made from the tail feathers of the hornbill (though nowadays most likely artificial feather may be used, to save the birds). He holds a long sword in one hand and an ornately decorated shield in the other. Around his chest are necklaces made of beads and cowrie shells, and he wore a ceremonial cawat, or loincloth. The dancer make slow movements, as though stalking the enemy. This is interspersed with dramatic prances as though he is leaping forward to attack. The dance is performed accompanied by the music from tribal musical instruments, usually percussions, including the enkeromong, bendai, canang and dumbak or ketebong. There are several Ngajat dance such as Ngajat Induk, Ngajat bebunoh, Ngajat Lesong, Ngajat Semain, Ngajat Berayah and Ngajat â€Å"â€Å"Ngemai antu pala† Moreover, it symbolize the happy ending of another cycle of padi planting season, welcoming the God of Farming to the feast and giving thanks for the bountiful and successful harvest. In the past, a â€Å"Ngajat Semain† was performed by young Iban boys and girls who have just complete their Ngajat lessons taught to them after the heavy work of clearing the forest and burning season is over. The tempo of this Ngajat performed by the girls is slow and graceful displaying the beautiful design pattern of the newly completed â€Å"Pua Kumbu† woven by the girls during the farming cycle. As for the young boys, the tempo is also slow displaying their martial artistic and balancing skills in preparation to enter their adulthood life. This means that they will take more adult responsibility in the next farming season. This is also an opportunity for them to display their beautiful costumes, headgears, amulets such as Engkerimok, Simpai, Tumpa Bala and of course their new fully decorated swords and its design. At the present day, the Ngajat music and dance are perform to preserve the Iban Culture and for the younger generation to value the unique of it the dancer dance follow the music that have a group who play the music. These is the traditional dane,which the most popular in Sarawak. The Ibans perform a unique dance called the ngajat. It serves many purposes depending on the occasion. During Gawais, it is used to entertain the people who in the olden days enjoy graceful ngajats as a form of entertainment. The origin of this indigenous dance is not clearly known but it is believed to have been in existence along with the Iban tribe since the 16th Century. The Ngajat dance is believed to have been performed by warriors on their return from battles.. The male dancers wear large feathers as part of their headgear, hold an ornate and long shield in their hand with chains, beads and a loincloth called the ‘cawat’. The female dancers have an elaborate headdress, chains, beads and a ‘dress’ that reaches to below their knees with intricate weaving. Traditionally this dance was only performed by male dancers but not anymore. The dance is arranged straight lines and in a circle and does involve dramatic leaps and jumps performed by the male dancers. If the real tradition, the music if we dance ngajat we use the life music which have someone o group who play the music such as gong, Gongs and other ethnic percussion instruments such as the ‘enkeromong’, ‘bendai’, ‘canang’ and ‘dumbak or ketebong’ provide the music. The musicians may be either male oThe pride in knowing how to perform the ‘ngajat,’ the Iban traditional dance must be kept burning among the Iban youngsters. The young Ibans should look back to the days of their parents or forefathers when there was so much pride in knowing how to perform the ‘ngajat’. Ngajat is a warrior dance of the Iban tribe in Sarawak. It is said that ngajat is performed by the warriors upon their successful return, to celebrate their victory in battle. Today, the dance is performed as part of the Gawai Dayak celebrations. When performing the dance, the male dancers wear a headgear made from the tail feathers of the hornbill (though nowadays most likely artificial feather may be used, to save the birds). He holds a long sword in one hand and an ornately decorated shield in the other. Around his chest are necklaces made of beads and cowrie shells, and he wore a ceremonial cawat, or loincloth. The dancer make slow movements, as though stalking the enemy. This is interspersed with dramatic prances as though he is leaping forward to attack. The dance is performed accompanied by the music from tribal musical instruments, usually percussions, including the enkeromong, bendai, canang and dumbak or ketebong. There are several Ngajat dance such as Ngajat Induk, Ngajat bebunoh, Ngajat Lesong, Ngajat Semain, Ngajat Berayah and Ngajat â€Å"â€Å"Ngemai antu pala† Moreover, it symbolize the happy ending of another cycle of padi planting season, welcoming the God of Farming to the feast and giving thanks for the bountiful and successful harvest. In the past, a â€Å"Ngajat Semain† was performed by young Iban boys and girls who have just complete their Ngajat lessons taught to them after the heavy work of clearing the forest and burning season is over. The tempo of this Ngajat performed by the girls is slow and graceful displaying the beautiful design pattern of the newly completed â€Å"Pua Kumbu† woven by the girls during the farming cycle. As for the young boys, the tempo is also slow displaying their martial artistic and balancing skills in preparation to enter their adulthood life. This means that they will take more adult responsibility in the next farming season. This is also an opportunity for them to display their beautiful costumes, headgears, amulets such as Engkerimok, Simpai, Tumpa Bala and of course their new fully decorated swords and its design. At the present day, the Ngajat music and dance are perform to preserve the Iban Culture and for the younger generation to value the unique of it the dancer dance follow the music that have a group who play the music. These is the traditional dane,which the most popular in Sarawak.

Catalytic Power And Specificity Of Enzymes Biology Essay

Catalytic Power And Specificity Of Enzymes Biology Essay Enzymes are mainly proteins, that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, called the products. Almost all processes in a biological cell need enzymes to occur at significant rates. Catalytic power and specificity are the two characteristics of enzymes which require explanation. The structure of the enzymes active site will provide us with the beginnings of an explanation. Since a catalyst must come in contact with the substrate to initiate any reaction, there must be a fit between the substrate and the active site. Right away, some substrate molecules will fit and others will not, so some substrates will react and others will not. The fit can come about either because the molecule fits easily into the enzymes active site (lock-and-key model) or because the enzymes structure adjusts to the substrates entry (induced fit model). Inhibition of enzymes results in a decrease in or elimination of the effect an enzyme has on the rate of a reaction. There are two main types of inhibitors reversible inhibitors and irreversible inhibitors. Reversible inhibitors do not completely stop the enzyme from catalyzing a reaction, and if the concentration of the inhibitor is lowered the enzymatic activity returns to its normal level. The reaction can still proceed but at a much slower rate, depending on the amount of inhibitor and substrate present. If concentrations of the inhibitor are lowered they tend to dissociate from the enzyme. There are three mechanisms for reversible inhibition: Competitive inhibition where the inhibitor resembles the substrate and binds to the same point on the enzyme that the substrate would, Non-competitive inhibition where the inhibitor does not bind to the same point as the substrate but slows down the reaction regardless. Uncompetitive inhibition where the inhibitor binds to the enzyme when the substrate is already bound. Irreversible inhibitors bind strongly to the enzyme usually via covalent bonds and do not dissociate when concentrations are lowered: thus their name. Bonding can occur at the active site or elsewhere on the enzyme, but the overall effect is to inactivate the enzyme. Myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as death or necrosis of myocardial cells. It is a diagnosis at the end of the spectrum of myocardial ischemia or acute coronary syndromes. Myocardial infarction occurs when myocardial ischemia exceeds a critical threshold and overwhelms myocardial cellular repair mechanisms designed to maintain normal operating function and hemostasis. This is most commonly due to occlusion (blockage) of a coronary artery following the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque, which is an unstable collection of lipids (fatty acids) and white blood cells (especially macrophages) in the wall of an artery. symptoms of acute myocardial infarction include sudden chest pain (typically radiating to the left arm or left side of the neck), shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, sweating, and anxiety (often described as a sense of impending doom). Women may experience fewer typical symptoms than men, most commonly shortness of breath, weakness, a feeling of indigestion, and fatigue. Approximately one quarter of all myocardial infarctions is silent, without chest pain or other symptoms. Treatment of myocardial infarction  · Thrombolytic therapy has been shown to improve survival rates in patients with acute myocardial infarction if administered in a timely fashion in the appropriate group of patients. If percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) capability is not available or will cause a delay greater than 90 minutes, then the optimal approach is to administer thrombolytics within 12 hours of onset of symptoms in patients with ST-segment elevation greater than 0.1 mV in 2 or more contiguous ECG leads, new left bundle-branch block (LBBB), or anterior ST depression consistent with posterior infarction. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is superior to streptokinase in achieving a higher rate of coronary artery patency; however, the key to efficacy lies in the speed of the delivery of therapy.  · Aspirin and/or antiplatelet therapy o Aspirin has been shown to decrease mortality and re-infarction rates after myocardial infarction. Administer aspirin immediately, which the patient should chew if possible upon presentation. Continue aspirin indefinitely unless an obvious contraindication, such as a bleeding tendency or an allergy, is present. Clopidogrel may be used as an alternative in cases of a resistance or allergy to aspirin. Recent data from the CLARITY trial (CLopidogrel as Adjunctive ReperfusIon Therapy Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] 28) suggest that adding clopidogrel to this regimen is safe and effective. The clopidogrel dose used was 300 mg. Further studies suggest that a higher dose of clopidogrel may have added benefit. o Administer a platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa-receptor antagonist, in addition to acetylsalicylic acid and unfractionated heparin (UFH), to patients with continuing ischemia or with other high-risk features and to patients in whom a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is planned. Eptifibatide and tirofiban are approved for this use. Abciximab also can be used for 12-24 hours in patients with unstable angina or NSTEMI in whom a PCI is planned within the next 24 hours.  · Heparin (and other anticoagulant agents) has an established role as an adjunctive agent in patients receiving t-PA, but not in patients receiving streptokinase. Heparin is also indicated in patients undergoing primary angioplasty. Few data exist with regard to efficacy in patients not receiving thrombolytic therapy in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. Low molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) have been shown to be superior to UFHs in patients with unstable angina or NSTEMI. Bivalirudin (a direct thrombin inhibitor)  has shown some promise in the setting of STEMI if combined with high-dose clopidogrel load and may be an appropriate alternative strategy.  · Nitrates have no apparent impact on mortality rate in patients with ischemic syndromes. Their utility is in symptomatic relief and preload reduction. Administer to all patients with acute myocardial infarction within the first 48 hours of presentation, unless contraindicated (ie, in RV infarction).  · ACE inhibitors reduce mortality rates after myocardial infarction. Administer ACE inhibitors as soon as possible as long as the patient has no contraindications and remains in stable condition. ACE inhibitors have the greatest benefit in patients with ventricular dysfunction. Continue ACE inhibitors indefinitely after myocardial infarction. Angiotensin-receptor blockers may be used as an alternative in patients who develop adverse effects, such as a persistent cough, although initial trials need to be confirmed.  · Beta-blockers may reduce the rates of reinfarction and recurrent ischemia. Administer to patients with myocardial infarction unless a contraindication is present. However,  a  large chinese trial  showed no benefit to beta-blockade. This has created some doubt as to the benefit  and may lead to a change in the guidelines. Enzyme pattern in myocardial infarction 1. Troponin Normal: Values and units vary from lab to lab Abnormal: Blood levels of troponin I typically rise within 4 to 6 hours after a heart attack reach peak concentrations within 10 to 24 hours, and fall to normal levels within 10 to 15 days. Elevated troponin levels may indicate heart muscle injury Troponin Values 12 hrs after onset of pain: Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments Troponin-T 0.02 ng/mL or ÃŽÂ ¼g/L Upper limit of normal Troponin-I 0.2 ng/mL or ÃŽÂ ¼g/L Upper limit of normal Troponin-T 0.02 0.10 ng/mL or ÃŽÂ ¼g/L Acute Coronary Syndrome Troponin-I 0.2 1.00 ng/mL or ÃŽÂ ¼g/L Acute Coronary Syndrome Troponin-T 0.10 n/a ng/mL or ÃŽÂ ¼g/L Myocardial Infarction likely Troponin-I 1.00 n/a ng/mL or ÃŽÂ ¼g/L Myocardial Infarction likely 2. Creatine kinase  · Myocardial muscle creatine kinase (CK-MB) is found mainly in the heart.  · CK-MB levels increase within 3-12 hours of onset of chest pain, reach peak values within 24 hours, and return to baseline after 48-72 hours.  · Sensitivity and specificity are not as high as for troponin levels.  · Function of Creatine Kinase: A chemical reaction where creatine is converted into phosphocreatine is catalyzed by creatine kinase. This conversion takes place when it applies itself to the utilization of ATP or adenosine triphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate is a basic energy source for brain, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. Phoshocreatine is an energy reservoir for adenosine diphosphates regeneration. In clinical terms, this enzyme is used as a marker for myocardial infarction which is heart attack and in muscle breakdown by assaying it in blood tests.  · Normal Values for CK, CPK Men 5-100 IU/L Women 10-70 IU/L Pregnancy 5-40 IU/L 3. Lactate dehydrogenase  · Lactate dehydrogenase: (LDH) An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. This is an important step in energy production in cells. Many different types of cells in the body contain this enzyme. Some of the organs relatively rich in LDH are the heart, kidney, liver, and muscle.  · Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LAD) level rises above the reference range within 24 hours of a myocardial infarction, reaches a peak within 3-6 days, and returns to the baseline within 8-12 days.  · Normal ranges Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 50 150 U/L 0.4 1.7 ÃŽÂ ¼mol/L LDH (enzyme activity) 1.8 3.4  µkat/L 4. Myoglobin  · Myoglobin is found in cardiac and skeletal muscle.  · Myoglobin is a protein in heart and skeletal muscles. When you exercise, your muscles use up any available oxygen. Myoglobin has oxygen attached to it, which provides extra oxygen for the muscle to maintain a high level of activity for a longer period of time.  · When muscle is damaged, myoglobin is released into the bloodstream. Ultimately, it is removed in the urine.  · It is released more rapidly from infarcted myocardium than troponin and CK-MB and may be detected as early as 2 hours after an acute myocardial infarction.  · Myoglobin has high sensitivity but poor specificity. It may be useful for the early detection of myocardial infarction.  · The normal (negative) range is 0 to 85 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). Greater-than-normal levels (a positive result) may indicate:  · Skeletal muscle ischemia (blood deficiency)  · Skeletal muscle trauma  · Skeletal muscle inflammation (myositis)  · Heart attack  · Muscular dystrophy  · Rhabdomyolysis  · Malignant hyperthermia (very rare) 5. Natriuretic peptides Studies in several types of acute coronary syndromes have shown that elevated levels of natriuretic peptides. One of the peptides that causes natriuresis, the excretion of an excessively large amount of sodium in the urine. The natriuretic peptides are produced by the heart and vasculature:  · A-type natriuretic peptide is secreted largely by the atrial myocardium in response to dilatation.  · B-type natriuretic peptide is manufactured mainly by the ventricular myocardium.  · C-type natriuretic peptide is produced by endothelial cells that line the blood vessels. B-type natriuretic peptide is useful in the diagnosis of heart failure. The finding of a low level of B-type natriuretic peptide tends to exclude heart failure. 5.a B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) A 32-amino-acid polypeptide secreted by the ventricles of the heart in response to excessive stretching of myocytes (heart muscles cells) in the ventricles. The levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are elevated in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. BNP levels correlate with both the severity of symptoms and the prognosis in congestive heart failure. BNP levels are higher in patients with dyspnea (shortness of breath) due to heart failure than in patients with dyspnea from other causes. Rapid measurement of BNP in the emergency department therefore helps in the evaluation and treatment of patients with acute dyspnea and reduces the time to discharge and the cost of their treatment. BNP appears to be a useful marker of cardiovascular risk, even in people with no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. The levels of BNP predict the risk of heart failure, first cardiovascular events, atrial fibrillation, and stroke or transient ischemic attack.

The Social Construction of Workers’ Collectivism Essay -- Unions

Union renewal depends largely on increased member participation, generating and maintaining strong collective identities and mobilization of union resources. It was further contended that collective identities are not given, but constructed and sustained through narrative framing and engagement of individuals. These processes highlighted the importance of trade union leaders’ ability to construct and sustain workers’ collective identity and interest via strategies which seek to broaden the relevancy of trade unionism. In a time when worker collectivism is in a decline, the relevant question is to what extent is this possible? According to Muckenberger (1995), the decline of trade unionism in terms of density and the importance of trade unions as socio-political actors are often interpreted as representing the decline of worker collectivism. The underlying assumption that were put forth of the decline from literature has been the ascendancy of individualization over coll ectivism. There has a socio-cultural transformation whereby working class values of collectivism have given way to more individualistic orientations (Hyman 1999). Trade unions were formerly built on pre-existing solidarities such as the principle of collective identity that predated capitalist employment relationships. Collective experience at work was complemented by domestic life in nearby shared recreational, cultural and religious pursuits. In a nutshell, trade union was an institution embedded in an encompassing social landscape (Hyman 2002). The shift from collectivism to individualism was the result of the growth in affluence, skills level and geographical mobility, which enable acquisitive individualism overriding collective interests (Brown 1990). It was fu... ... a national labour centre that is representative of trade unions in Malaysia, it is in the process of rebranding itself as serious political actor in light of new opening, with broader aggregation of political and social interest. This research intend to looks at ways in which union leaders in MTUC is going to construct its identity and organization and reshape Malaysian workers’ views on the nature of trade unionism. In conclusion, it is argued that structural factor such as level of employment and institutional and legal frameworks of industrial relations create more or less favourable condition for collectivization of workers. However, they themselves may not generate workers’ collectivism, since collective identities are not given, but constructed and sustained through narrative framing and engagement of individuals by union leaders and activists.

Edgar Allen Poe Essay

Five Paragraph Essay Have you ever wondered about Edgar Allen Poe’s literary elements or themes? Read the stories called † The Tell-Tale Heart † , † The Cask of Amontillado â€Å", † Annabell Lee†, and † The Bells â€Å". Poe’s desired effects was to scare the audience from the story, Poe used a writing style called gothic horror. The first literary element seen by Poe was death. In the story of † The Cask Of Amontillado † the Fortunado suffocates . Another death occurs in the story of † The Tell-Tale Heart â€Å", when the narrator kills the old man in the middle of the night. The story called † The Bells† the mother died of a disease. Poe creates horror because the deaths in the stories are unexpected. The second literary element seen by Poe was obsession. † The Cask of Amontillado † the Montresor is obsessed with getting his revenge. In † The Tell-Tale Heart † the narrator is obsessed over the old man’s eye. The story of † Annabell Lee † he was obsessed with his wife. This creates horror because obsession is not a usual thing seen in other stories. The third literary element seen by Poe was insanity. The Tell-Tale Heart † the narrator goes insane over the old man’s eye. The story † The Bells â€Å", the people in the town grow insanity from bells chiming.

Alcohol Drinking in Germany

Alcohol has the tendency to be a cause of death for a vast number of people. The consumption of alcohol can also have a consequence on your brain which in turn makes you tremble at the same time as loosing control over all of your senses, and it can also kill parts of your brain cells. What is more is that alcohol consumption can cause your liver to depreciate and not function appropriately.Liver transplants are not easy to take place and they rarely take place. Even if it does take place it is hard for a person with liver transplant to survive for too long. Even though it is general knowledge that alcohol consumption has the tendency to kill people, still there are millions of people who consume great amounts of alcohol on daily basis (Martina, Gert, Eckardt and Klaus, 2003).As known to all, Germany is perhaps one of the most alcohol-drinking nations from all over Europe, ranking fifth right after Luxembourg, Hungary, Czech Republic and Ireland. Only a small percent of about five pe rcent of the people of Germany seem to call themselves as teetotalers, which are people who   completely abstain themselves from the use of alcoholic beverages, ranking it, after Luxembourg as the European nation that has the lowest percentage of people who do not drink at all.With reference According to the World Health Organization, and as has been proved by a vast number of studies, the whole of Europe is said to have the highest amount of alcohol consumption with comparison to all of the other parts of the world rating it per capita consumption as twice as high as compared with the average of the entire world.AnalysisAs has been mentioned before, the most prevalent problem in the whole of Germany is said to be of alcohol consumption abd dependance on it as well. This is a statement that has been verified by Peter Lang, who is basically the head of drug prevention and abuse at the German Center for Health Education (Ryan, 2006).Basically alcohol abuse is said to be the most com mon as well as the largest of all social problems within Germany. As is known to all, Bildunterschrift:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dangerous and detrimental using up is without a doubt connected with a number of psychosomatic, communal and physical condition problems, and in addition has a considerable economic bang on the social order as a whole.In the words of Peter Lang, â€Å"It's difficult to say what is causing this, because alcohol is more or less an accepted drug in a lot of circumstances, like for parties or other social occasions. If you compare Germany to countries like the US, there is drinking in public that is different and more accepted. Consuming alcohol during the day is really more accepted here in Germany,† (Ryan, 2006).

IB Biology Potato Lab

Biology Potato Lab Table 1: Trial Number| Concentration of Sucrose Solution (M)  ±0. 2 ml| Initial Mass of Potato Core Slice(g)  ±0. 1 | Final Mass of Potato Core Slices (g)  ±0. 1| 1| 0. 0| 7. 7| 9. 3| 2| | 6. 0| 8. 1| 3| | 6. 2| 7. 4| 4| | 10. 2| 13. 2| 5| | 8. 7| 10. 3| 6| | 4. 9| 6. 0| 7| | 9. 2| 10. 4| 1| 0. 2| 5. 8| 6. 0| 2| | 11. 6| 12. 1| 3| | 2. 5| 3. 1| 1| 0. 4| 14. 4| 13. 9| 2| | 2. 6| 2. 8| 3| | 8| 6. 5| 1| 0. 6| 7. 3| 5. 3| 2| | 10. 7| 7. 3| 3| | 9. 6| 7. 4| 4| | 2. 9| 2. 8| 1| 0. 8| 5. 6| 3. 6| 2| | 16. 0| 13. 1| 3| | 11. 5| 5. 9| 1| 1. | 7. 9| 5. 4| 2| | 10. 0| 6. 7| 3| | 9. 6| 6. 2| 4| | 4. 7| 3. 2| Table 2: Calculations of Averages Concentration of Sucrose Solution (M)  ±0. 2 ml| Average Initial Mass of Potato Core Slice(g)  ±0. 1 | Average Final Mass of Potato Core Slices (g)  ±0. 1| Change in Mass (g)  ±0. 1| Percentage Change in Mass (%)| Standard Deviation of Initial Mass| Standard Deviation of Final Mass| 0. 0| 7. 6| 9. 2| 1. 6| 22. 3| 1. 9| 2. 4| 0. 2| 6. 6| 7. 1| 0. 5| 6. 5| 4. 6| 4. 6| 0. 4| 8. 3| 7. 7| -0. 6| -7. 2| 5. 9| 5. 7| 0. 6| 7. 6| 5. 7| -1. 9| -25. 2| 3. 5| 2. 2| 0. | 11. 0| 7. 5| -3. 5| -31. 7| 5. 2| 5. 0| 1. 0| 8. 1| 5. 4| -2. 7| -33. 2| 2. 4| 1. 5|Sample Calculations: To find average of initial mass of potato core with 0. 2M solution: # 1 + # 2 + # 3 / 3 5. 8 + 11. 6 +2. 5 / 3 = 6. 6 To find average of final mass of potato core with 1. 0M solution: # 1 + # 2 + # 3 + # 4 / 4 5. 4 + 6. 7 + 6. 2 + 3. 2 / 4 = 5. 4 To find change in mass in 0. 4M solution: Final mass – initial mass = change in mass 7. 7 – 8. 3 = -0. 6 To find percentage change in mass in 0. 6M solution: Final – initial / initial x 100 5. 7 – 7. 6 / 7. x 100 = -25. 2 Figure 1: The effect of sucrose solution on the mass of potato cores Figure 1: In the above graph, it’s visible that with an increasing concentration of sucrose solution there is also a decrease in the percent change in mass. The r? value of 0. 9416 re presents that there is a good relationship in the data between the concentration of sucrose solution and the percent change in mass. The relationship between the data can also be proven by the error bars, representing the standard deviation from the data points and the amount of uncertainty.With the small error bars we know that the data is reliable; although as the last few points overlap this indicates that the data is similar. Conclusion: I found that as the concentration of sucrose increased, the change in mass and percentage of the change in mass decreased. This data did support the hypothesis, as we knew from the term osmosis. Osmosis is the process of diffusion of water molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. The concentration gradient between the potato and the sucrose solution lead to the amount of molecules coming in and out of the potato.Therefore, the data supports the hypothesis as when the water concentration was lower in the potato than in the sucrose solution, the water molecules moved through the semi-permeable membrane into the potato which caused it to gain weight. With a higher concentration of water in the potato, the result would be the opposite. Hence the prediction that the lower the concentration of sucrose, the higher the final weight of the potato was reinforced. The hypothesis is supported by the evidence of the graph. With a concentration of 0. M sucrose solution the increase in the change of mass was 1. 6g and a percentage change of 22. 3%. In comparison, the 0. 8M sucrose solution had a change in mass of -3. 5g and a loss of 31. 7%. Although in Figure 1 the r? value gives the impression that the data is very reliable, some of the error bars do overlap. While observing the data there are no outliers present, although when inspecting the change in mass the development between the 0. 8M concentration of sucrose and the 1. 0M numbers slightly increase; when accurately they would continue decreasing.This may perhaps be the result of certain potential errors. Evaluation: My results, while mostly concrete, had particular places where a few errors could have occurred; as they diff from the hypothesis that with a higher concentration of glucose there should be a decrease in the change of mass. As our class only had a certain amount of time to complete the lab, each group completed the lab with three different sucrose solutions. At the end of collecting our data, our classes’ results were compiled together to compare.An error is the fact that each group’s statistics came from different potatoes. As different potatoes were used, the pores in the membrane of each potato are different, causing a different amount of water molecules to be able to pass through and into the solution. This could prove the overall data to be unreliable. To fix this deviation, with more time a group can complete their own lab with the full data with a single potato. Another error is the factor of te mperature. Temperature affects osmosis as with a higher temperature the molecules are moving faster, causing osmosis to increase.As we left our beaker s with the potato cores inside the classroom overnight, the classroom temperature may have increased or decreased which would affect the rate of osmosis inside the beaker. Due to the fact that it’s September, we can assume that the classroom temperature would decrease overnight; including the consequences that perhaps a window or door would have been left open. As the temperature in the classroom decreased, the rate of osmosis did as well. To fix this normal variation error, the temperature of the classroom could be recorded as we placed the beakers around the classroom to be left.Overnight it would be made sure that no windows or doors are left open, and that the temperature stays the same throughout the experiment. A systematic error has to do with the scales that were used. The scales were a necessity for this lab; itâ€℠¢s important that they’re working correctly. While planning for this lab not at one point were the scales that we were using checked to make sure that they were fully functioning. This could establish the scale giving off false numbers which changes our entire experiment. At the beginning before proceeding with the lab it must be made sure that the equipment is regularly checked and operative.To do so, we can take an object that we can identify the weight of, and test it on the scale to make sure it’s correct. As an extension to this investigation, it could be completed again but testing osmosis with more of a variety of the amount of sucrose solution- it could exceed a concentration of 1M to extend to 2M. This experiment could also be completed using different time frames; instead of letting the potatoes rest for one day they could be let stand for one hour, or two hours to test how osmosis works within this shorter time frame.To fix our errors stated above, we must f irst make sure that all of our equipment is running properly and that the temperature of the room does not vary overnight. Bibliography: Diffusion and osmosis. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/kinetic/diffus. html McGraw-Hill. (2006). How osmosis works. Retrieved from http://highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_osmosis_works. html